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Country story
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom authorises Islamic banks within the same prudential perimeter used for other banks rather than through a separate banking-law category.
Deposit-taking institutions are authorised and supervised through the Bank of England’s Prudential Regulation Authority and the conduct regulator.
Deposit-taking institutions are authorised and supervised through the Bank of England’s Prudential Regulation Authority and the conduct regulator.
The UK tests Islamic institutional differentiation inside a mature, market-centred financial system with no Muslim-majority legal setting.
Product and governance difference is possible without a separate national accumulation regime.
Rounded and full-precision manufacturing values conflict across repeated records; those research-workbook observations are withheld until lineage is resolved.
Descriptive comparison
Gross capital formation
Latest available year: 2024.
United Kingdom
View chart data
| Series | Year | Gross capital formation (% of GDP) | Source note |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom · 2000 | 2,000 | 18.85 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2001 | 2,001 | 18.62 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2002 | 2,002 | 18.47 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2003 | 2,003 | 18.1 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2004 | 2,004 | 18.02 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2005 | 2,005 | 18.3 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2006 | 2,006 | 18.74 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2007 | 2,007 | 19.11 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2008 | 2,008 | 18.3 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2009 | 2,009 | 15.84 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2010 | 2,010 | 16.59 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2011 | 2,011 | 16.43 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2012 | 2,012 | 16.5 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2013 | 2,013 | 16.77 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2014 | 2,014 | 18.11 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2015 | 2,015 | 18.43 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2016 | 2,016 | 18.53 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2017 | 2,017 | 19.1 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2018 | 2,018 | 18.76 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2019 | 2,019 | 18.91 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2020 | 2,020 | 18.27 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2021 | 2,021 | 18.56 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2022 | 2,022 | 19.12 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2023 | 2,023 | 18.94 | Authorised country-level annual series |
| United Kingdom · 2024 | 2,024 | 18.92 | Authorised country-level annual series |
What this visual showsA verified country trajectory in the measure’s stated unit.
What it does not establishA causal effect of Islamic finance on the observed outcome.
Descriptive comparison
Financing directed towards FIRE-related activities
Country-year medians by bank type. Each point reports its covered-bank count.
FIRE ordinarily refers to finance, insurance and real estate. Here the measure is broader: it captures bank financing reported for financial institutions, insurance, real estate and consumer-durable activities. It is used as a proxy for firm-level financialisation. The measure does not imply that every underlying financing claim is speculative, harmful or unproductive. It is a sectoral-allocation proxy and a level measure that is sensitive to bank size.
ConventionalIslamic
View chart data
| Series | Year | Logged FIRE-related financing volume (natural log) (natural-log units) | Source note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional · 2000 | 2,000 | 26.83 | 8 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2001 | 2,001 | 27.81 | 7 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2002 | 2,002 | 27.91 | 9 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2003 | 2,003 | 27.99 | 9 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2004 | 2,004 | 26.23 | 12 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2005 | 2,005 | 26.66 | 15 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2005 | 2,005 | 23.53 | 2 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2006 | 2,006 | 26.1 | 16 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2006 | 2,006 | 24.09 | 2 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2007 | 2,007 | 25.94 | 13 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2007 | 2,007 | 24.52 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2008 | 2,008 | 25.1 | 13 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2008 | 2,008 | 24.01 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2009 | 2,009 | 24.7 | 23 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2009 | 2,009 | 23.95 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2010 | 2,010 | 24.54 | 29 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2010 | 2,010 | 23.94 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2011 | 2,011 | 24.61 | 31 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2011 | 2,011 | 24.22 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2012 | 2,012 | 24.9 | 41 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2012 | 2,012 | 24.46 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2013 | 2,013 | 25.16 | 51 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2013 | 2,013 | 27.54 | 2 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2014 | 2,014 | 24.79 | 53 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2014 | 2,014 | 25.66 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2015 | 2,015 | 24.78 | 54 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2015 | 2,015 | 25.45 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2016 | 2,016 | 24.89 | 60 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2016 | 2,016 | 25.52 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2017 | 2,017 | 25.15 | 60 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2017 | 2,017 | 25.81 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2018 | 2,018 | 25.22 | 59 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2018 | 2,018 | 25.88 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2019 | 2,019 | 25.13 | 61 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2019 | 2,019 | 26.1 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2020 | 2,020 | 25.03 | 63 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2020 | 2,020 | 26.04 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2021 | 2,021 | 25.24 | 61 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2021 | 2,021 | 26.01 | 3 covered banks |
| Conventional · 2022 | 2,022 | 26.09 | 63 covered banks |
| Islamic · 2022 | 2,022 | 25.93 | 3 covered banks |
What this visual showsDescriptive median logged volumes among covered banks.
What it does not establishA bank-size-adjusted or causal difference between bank types.
Institutional sources